get json values quickly
GJSON is a Go package that provides a [fast](#performance) and [simple](#get-a-value) way to get values from a json document. It has features such as [one line retrieval](#get-a-value), [dot notation paths](#path-syntax), [iteration](#iterate-through-an-object-or-array), and [parsing json lines](#json-lines). Also check out [SJSON](https://github.com/tidwall/sjson) for modifying json, and the [JJ](https://github.com/tidwall/jj) command line tool. Getting Started =============== ## Installing To start using GJSON, install Go and run `go get`: ```sh $ go get -u github.com/tidwall/gjson ``` This will retrieve the library. ## Get a value Get searches json for the specified path. A path is in dot syntax, such as "name.last" or "age". When the value is found it's returned immediately. ```go package main import "github.com/tidwall/gjson" const json = `{"name":{"first":"Janet","last":"Prichard"},"age":47}` func main() { value := gjson.Get(json, "name.last") println(value.String()) } ``` This will print: ``` Prichard ``` *There's also the [GetMany](#get-multiple-values-at-once) function to get multiple values at once, and [GetBytes](#working-with-bytes) for working with JSON byte slices.* ## Path Syntax Below is a quick overview of the path syntax, for more complete information please check out [GJSON Syntax](SYNTAX.md). A path is a series of keys separated by a dot. A key may contain special wildcard characters '\*' and '?'. To access an array value use the index as the key. To get the number of elements in an array or to access a child path, use the '#' character. The dot and wildcard characters can be escaped with '\\'. ```json { "name": {"first": "Tom", "last": "Anderson"}, "age":37, "children": ["Sara","Alex","Jack"], "fav.movie": "Deer Hunter", "friends": [ {"first": "Dale", "last": "Murphy", "age": 44, "nets": ["ig", "fb", "tw"]}, {"first": "Roger", "last": "Craig", "age": 68, "nets": ["fb", "tw"]}, {"first": "Jane", "last": "Murphy", "age": 47, "nets": ["ig", "tw"]} ] } ``` ``` "name.last" >> "Anderson" "age" >> 37 "children" >> ["Sara","Alex","Jack"] "children.#" >> 3 "children.1" >> "Alex" "child*.2" >> "Jack" "c?ildren.0" >> "Sara" "fav\.movie" >> "Deer Hunter" "friends.#.first" >> ["Dale","Roger","Jane"] "friends.1.last" >> "Craig" ``` You can also query an array for the first match by using `#(...)`, or find all matches with `#(...)#`. Queries support the `==`, `!=`, `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>=` comparison operators and the simple pattern matching `%` (like) and `!%` (not like) operators. ``` friends.#(last=="Murphy").first >> "Dale" friends.#(last=="Murphy")#.first >> ["Dale","Jane"] friends.#(age>45)#.last >> ["Craig","Murphy"] friends.#(first%"D*").last >> "Murphy" friends.#(first!%"D*").last >> "Craig" friends.#(nets.#(=="fb"))#.first >> ["Dale","Roger"] ``` *Please note that prior to v1.3.0, queries used the `#[...]` brackets. This was changed in v1.3.0 as to avoid confusion with the new [multipath](SYNTAX.md#multipaths) syntax. For backwards compatibility, `#[...]` will continue to work until the next major release.* ## Result Type GJSON supports the json types `string`, `number`, `bool`, and `null`. Arrays and Objects are returned as their raw json types. The `Result` type holds one of these: ``` bool, for JSON booleans float64, for JSON numbers string, for JSON string literals nil, for JSON null ``` To directly access the value: ```go result.Type // can be String, Number, True, False, Null, or JSON result.Str // holds the string result.Num // holds the float64 number result.Raw // holds the raw json result.Index // index of raw value in original json, zero means index unknown result.Indexes // indexes of all the elements that match on a path containing the '#' query character. ``` There are a variety of handy functions that work on a result: ```go result.Exists() bool result.Value() interface{} result.Int() int64 result.Uint() uint64 result.Float() float64 result.String() string result.Bool() bool result.Time() time.Time result.Array() []gjson.Result result.Map() map[string]gjson.Result result.Get(path string) Result result.ForEach(iterator func(key, value Result) bool) result.Less(token Result, caseSensitive bool) bool ``` The `result.Value()` function returns an `interface{}` which requires type assertion and is one of the following Go types: ```go boolean >> bool number >> float64 string >> string null >> nil array >> []interface{} object >> map[string]interface{} ``` The `result.Array()` function returns back an array of values. If the result represents a non-existent value, then an empty array will be returned. If the result is not a JSON array, the return value will be an array containing one result. ### 64-bit integers The `result.Int()` and `result.Uint()` calls are capable of reading all 64 bits, allowing for large JSON integers. ```go result.Int() int64 // -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 result.Uint() int64 // 0 to 18446744073709551615 ``` ## Modifiers and path chaining New in version 1.2 is support for modifier functions and path chaining. A modifier is a path component that performs custom processing on the json. Multiple paths can be "chained" together using the pipe character. This is useful for getting results from a modified query. For example, using the built-in `@reverse` modifier on the above json document, we'll get `children` array and reverse the order: ``` "children|@reverse" >> ["Jack","Alex","Sara"] "children|@reverse|0" >> "Jack" ``` There are currently the following built-in modifiers: - `@reverse`: Reverse an array or the members of an object. - `@ugly`: Remove all whitespace from a json document. - `@pretty`: Make the json document more human readable. - `@this`: Returns the current element. It can be used to retrieve the root element. - `@valid`: Ensure the json document is valid. - `@flatten`: Flattens an array. - `@join`: Joins multiple objects into a single object. - `@keys`: Returns an array of keys for an object. - `@values`: Returns an array of values for an object. ### Modifier arguments A modifier may accept an optional argument. The argument can be a valid JSON document or just characters. For example, the `@pretty` modifier takes a json object as its argument. ``` @pretty:{"sortKeys":true} ``` Which makes the json pretty and orders all of its keys. ```json { "age":37, "children": ["Sara","Alex","Jack"], "fav.movie": "Deer Hunter", "friends": [ {"age": 44, "first": "Dale", "last": "Murphy"}, {"age": 68, "first": "Roger", "last": "Craig"}, {"age": 47, "first": "Jane", "last": "Murphy"} ], "name": {"first": "Tom", "last": "Anderson"} } ``` *The full list of `@pretty` options are `sortKeys`, `indent`, `prefix`, and `width`. Please see [Pretty Options](https://github.com/tidwall/pretty#customized-output) for more information.* ### Custom modifiers You can also add custom modifiers. For example, here we create a modifier that makes the entire json document upper or lower case. ```go gjson.AddModifier("case", func(json, arg string) string { if arg == "upper" { return strings.ToUpper(json) } if arg == "lower" { return strings.ToLower(json) } return json }) ``` ``` "children|@case:upper" >> ["SARA","ALEX","JACK"] "children|@case:lower|@reverse" >> ["jack","alex","sara"] ``` ## JSON Lines There's support for [JSON Lines](http://jsonlines.org/) using the `..` prefix, which treats a multilined document as an array. For example: ``` {"name": "Gilbert", "age": 61} {"name": "Alexa", "age": 34} {"name": "May", "age": 57} {"name": "Deloise", "age": 44} ``` ``` ..# >> 4 ..1 >> {"name": "Alexa", "age": 34} ..3 >> {"name": "Deloise", "age": 44} ..#.name >> ["Gilbert","Alexa","May","Deloise"] ..#(name="May").age >> 57 ``` The `ForEachLines` function will iterate through JSON lines. ```go gjson.ForEachLine(json, func(line gjson.Result) bool{ println(line.String()) return true }) ``` ## Get nested array values Suppose you want all the last names from the following json: ```json { "programmers": [ { "firstName": "Janet", "lastName": "McLaughlin", }, { "firstName": "Elliotte", "lastName": "Hunter", }, { "firstName": "Jason", "lastName": "Harold", } ] } ``` You would use the path "programmers.#.lastName" like such: ```go result := gjson.Get(json, "programmers.#.lastName") for _, name := range result.Array() { println(name.String()) } ``` You can also query an object inside an array: ```go name := gjson.Get(json, `programmers.#(lastName="Hunter").firstName`) println(name.String()) // prints "Elliotte" ``` ## Iterate through an object or array The `ForEach` function allows for quickly iterating through an object or array. The key and value are passed to the iterator function for objects. Only the value is passed for arrays. Returning `false` from an iterator will stop iteration. ```go result := gjson.Get(json, "programmers") result.ForEach(func(key, value gjson.Result) bool { println(value.String()) return true // keep iterating }) ``` ## Simple Parse and Get There's a `Parse(json)` function that will do a simple parse, and `result.Get(path)` that will search a result. For example, all of these will return the same result: ```go gjson.Parse(json).Get("name").Get("last") gjson.Get(json, "name").Get("last") gjson.Get(json, "name.last") ``` ## Check for the existence of a value Sometimes you just want to know if a value exists. ```go value := gjson.Get(json, "name.last") if !value.Exists() { println("no last name") } else { println(value.String()) } // Or as one step if gjson.Get(json, "name.last").Exists() { println("has a last name") } ``` ## Validate JSON The `Get*` and `Parse*` functions expects that the json is well-formed. Bad json will not panic, but it may return back unexpected results. If you are consuming JSON from an unpredictable source then you may want to validate prior to using GJSON. ```go if !gjson.Valid(json) { return errors.New("invalid json") } value := gjson.Get(json, "name.last") ``` ## Unmarshal to a map To unmarshal to a `map[string]interface{}`: ```go m, ok := gjson.Parse(json).Value().(map[string]interface{}) if !ok { // not a map } ``` ## Working with Bytes If your JSON is contained in a `[]byte` slice, there's the [GetBytes](https://godoc.org/github.com/tidwall/gjson#GetBytes) function. This is preferred over `Get(string(data), path)`. ```go var json []byte = ... result := gjson.GetBytes(json, path) ``` If you are using the `gjson.GetBytes(json, path)` function and you want to avoid converting `result.Raw` to a `[]byte`, then you can use this pattern: ```go var json []byte = ... result := gjson.GetBytes(json, path) var raw []byte if result.Index > 0 { raw = json[result.Index:result.Index+len(result.Raw)] } else { raw = []byte(result.Raw) } ``` This is a best-effort no allocation sub slice of the original json. This method utilizes the `result.Index` field, which is the position of the raw data in the original json. It's possible that the value of `result.Index` equals zero, in which case the `result.Raw` is converted to a `[]byte`. ## Get multiple values at once The `GetMany` function can be used to get multiple values at the same time. ```go results := gjson.GetMany(json, "name.first", "name.last", "age") ``` The return value is a `[]Result`, which will always contain exactly the same number of items as the input paths. ## Performance Benchmarks of GJSON alongside [encoding/json](https://golang.org/pkg/encoding/json/), [ffjson](https://github.com/pquerna/ffjson), [EasyJSON](https://github.com/mailru/easyjson), [jsonparser](https://github.com/buger/jsonparser), and [json-iterator](https://github.com/json-iterator/go) ``` BenchmarkGJSONGet-16 11644512 311 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op BenchmarkGJSONUnmarshalMap-16 1122678 3094 ns/op 1920 B/op 26 allocs/op BenchmarkJSONUnmarshalMap-16 516681 6810 ns/op 2944 B/op 69 allocs/op BenchmarkJSONUnmarshalStruct-16 697053 5400 ns/op 928 B/op 13 allocs/op BenchmarkJSONDecoder-16 330450 10217 ns/op 3845 B/op 160 allocs/op BenchmarkFFJSONLexer-16 1424979 2585 ns/op 880 B/op 8 allocs/op BenchmarkEasyJSONLexer-16 3000000 729 ns/op 501 B/op 5 allocs/op BenchmarkJSONParserGet-16 3000000 366 ns/op 21 B/op 0 allocs/op BenchmarkJSONIterator-16 3000000 869 ns/op 693 B/op 14 allocs/op ``` JSON document used: ```json { "widget": { "debug": "on", "window": { "title": "Sample Konfabulator Widget", "name": "main_window", "width": 500, "height": 500 }, "image": { "src": "Images/Sun.png", "hOffset": 250, "vOffset": 250, "alignment": "center" }, "text": { "data": "Click Here", "size": 36, "style": "bold", "vOffset": 100, "alignment": "center", "onMouseUp": "sun1.opacity = (sun1.opacity / 100) * 90;" } } } ``` Each operation was rotated through one of the following search paths: ``` widget.window.name widget.image.hOffset widget.text.onMouseUp ``` *These benchmarks were run on a MacBook Pro 16" 2.4 GHz Intel Core i9 using Go 1.17 and can be found [here](https://github.com/tidwall/gjson-benchmarks).*